Reference list- The Evolution of Breath

REFERENCES

ORIGIN OF LIFE

Abiogenesis. (2024, August 12). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis

Connor, A. N. (2020). Searching high and low for the origins of life. Knowable Magazine. https://doi.org/10.1146/knowable-072120-1

Cowing, K. (2024, March 16). Even Inactive Hydrothermal Smokers Are Densely Colonized By Microbial Communities - Astrobiology. Astrobiology. https://astrobiology.com/2024/03/even-inactive-hydrothermal-smokers-are-densely-colonized-by-microbial-communities.html

Facts About Earth - NASA Science. (n.d.). https://science.nasa.gov/earth/facts/

Gregory, T.R. The Evolution of Complex Organs. Evo Edu Outreach 1, 358–389 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12052-008-0076-1

Hartman H. Photosynthesis and the origin of life. Orig Life Evol Biosph. 1998 Oct;28(4-6):515-21. doi: 10.1023/a:1006548904157. PMID: 11536891.

Introduction. (1999). Science and Creationism - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230207/

Mheslinga. (2022, September 30). The origin of life on Earth, explained. University of Chicago News. https://news.uchicago.edu/explainer/origin-life-earth-explained#:~:text=origins%20of%20life?-,When%20did%20life%20on%20Earth%20begin?,only%203.7%20billion%20years%20old.

National Academy of Sciences (US). Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences: Second Edition. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1999. Evidence Supporting Biological Evolution. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230201/

National Academy of Sciences (US). Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences: Second Edition. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1999. Human Evolution. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230210/

National Academy of Sciences (US). Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences: Second Edition. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1999. The Origin of the Universe, Earth, and Life. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230211/

NEO Basics. (n.d.). https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/about/life_on_earth.html#:~:text=Life%20on%20Earth%20began%20at,period%20of%20late%20heavy%20bombardment.

On the origin of biochemistry at an alkaline hydrothermal vent William Martin And Michael J Russell https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1881

Page, M. L., & Lane, N. (2009b, October 13). How life evolved: 10 steps to the first cells. New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17987-how-life-evolved-10-steps-to-the-first-cells/

Russell, M. J. (2018). Green Rust: The Simple Organizing ‘Seed’ of All Life? Life, 8(3), 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/life8030035

Sackville, Michael & Cameron, Christopher & Brauner, Colin. (2023). Gills are not used for gas exchange in the suspension-feeding hemichordate Protoglossus graveolens. 10.1101/2023.08.22.553704.

Sleep, N. H. (2010). The Hadean-Archaean Environment. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 2(6). https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a002527

Sun: Facts - NASA Science. (n.d.). https://science.nasa.gov/sun/facts/

The origin of life: the submarine alkaline vent theory at 30 Julyan H. E. Cartwright And Michael J. Russell https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0104

Trevors, J. (2006). The Big Bang, Superstring Theory and the origin of life on the Earth. Theory in Biosciences, 124(3-4), 403-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thbio.2005.04.002

CARBON DIOXIDE

Herschy, B., Whicher, A., Camprubi, E., Watson, C., Dartnell, L., Ward, J., G. Evans, J. R., & Lane, N. (2014). An Origin-of-Life Reactor to Simulate Alkaline Hydrothermal Vents. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 79(5), 213-227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-014-9658-4

Morse, J.W., Mackenzie, F.T. Hadean Ocean Carbonate Geochemistry. Aquatic Geochemistry 4, 301–319 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009632230875

Mrnjavac, N., Wimmer, J. L. E., Brabender, M., Schwander, L., & Martin, W. (2023, October 19). The Moon‐Forming Impact and the Autotrophic Origin of Life. ChemPlusChem. https://doi.org/10.1002/cplu.202300270

Walker, J.C.G. Carbon dioxide on the early earth. Origins Life Evol Biosphere 16, 117–127 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01809466

White LM, Russell MJ, Mielke RE, Shibuya T, Christensen L, Bhartia R, Cable ML, Stockton A, Stucky GD, Kanik I. Alkaline hydrothermal vents: assembling the redox protein construction kit on icy worlds. 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 2013. Available at: https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2013/pdf/2341.pdf. Accessed June 21, 2024

Why do we have an ocean? (n.d.-b). https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/why_oceans.html

NITROUS OXIDE

Bruce, D. F. (2008, October 28). Arginine: Heart Benefits and Side Effects. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/heart/arginine-heart-benefits-and-side-effects

Eby, G. A. (2005). Strong humming for one hour daily to terminate chronic rhinosinusitis in four days: A case report and hypothesis for action by stimulation of endogenous nasal nitric oxide production. Medical Hypotheses, 66(4), 851-854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2005.11.035

Feelisch, M., & Martin, J. (1995). The early role of nitric oxide in evolution. Trends in ecology & evolution, 10 12, 496-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(00)89206-X.

J. (2001, November 6). Overactive Sympathetic Nervous System Archives - Dr. Nicholas L. DePace, M.D., F.A.C.C. Dr. Nicholas L. DePace, M.D., F.A.C.C. https://franklincardiovascular.com/category/overactive-sympathetic-nervous-system/

Knuf K, Maani CV. Nitrous Oxide. [Updated 2023 Aug 28]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532922/

Laughing Gas May Have Helped Warm Early Earth and Given Breath to Life. (2018, August 22). News Center. https://news.gatech.edu/news/2018/08/22/laughing-gas-may-have-helped-warm-early-earth-and-given-breath-life

Olson, K., Donald, J., Dombkowski, R., & Perry, S. (2012). Evolutionary and comparative aspects of nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 184, 117-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2012.04.004.

Premont, R. T., Reynolds, J. D., Zhang, R., & Stamler, J. S. (2020, January 3). Role of Nitric Oxide Carried by Hemoglobin in Cardiovascular Physiology. Circulation Research. https://doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.119.315626

Shepherd, M., Giordano, D., Verde, C., & Poole, R. K. (2022). The Evolution of Nitric Oxide Function: From Reactivity in the Prebiotic Earth to Examples of Biological Roles and Therapeutic Applications. Antioxidants, 11(7), 1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11071222

Stortenbeker, N., Wessels, H. J., Speth, D. R., & Kartal, B. (2023). Enrichment and characterization of a nitric oxide-reducing microbial community in a continuous bioreactor. Nature Microbiology, 8(8), 1574-1586. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-023-01425-8

Why deep oceans gave life to the first big, complex organisms. (2018, December 12). Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability. https://sustainability.stanford.edu/news/why-deep-oceans-gave-life-first-big-complex-organisms

OXYGEN

Braakman, R., & Smith, E. (2012). The Emergence and Early Evolution of Biological Carbon-Fixation. PLoS Computational Biology, 8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002455.

Cardona, T., Murray, J. W., & Rutherford, A. W. (2015). Origin and Evolution of Water Oxidation before the Last Common Ancestor of the Cyanobacteria. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 32(5), 1310-1328. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msv024

Dapcevich, M. (2021, December 8). Mass Extinction Event 2 Billion Years Ago Killed 99% of Life on Earth, Study Finds - EcoWatch. EcoWatch. https://www.ecowatch.com/mass-extinction-billions-years-ago-2640190509.html

Fischer, Woodward W., James Hemp, and Jena E. Johnson. "Evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 44 (2016): 647-683

Margulis, Lynn; Sagan, Dorion (1986). "Chapter 6, "The Oxygen Holocaust"". Microcosmos: Four Billion Years of Microbial Evolution. California: University of California Press. p. 99. ISBN 9780520210646.

Olson, J. M. (2006, February 2). Photosynthesis in the Archean Era. Photosynthesis Research (Print). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5

Rizvi, S., Raza, S. T., Ahmed, F., Ahmad, A., Abbas, S., & Mahdi, F. (2014). The Role of Vitamin E in Human Health and Some Diseases. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 14(2), e157. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3997530/

Sessions, Alex L., David M. Doughty, Paula V. Welander, Roger E. Summons, and Dianne K. Newman. "The continuing puzzle of the great oxidation event." Current biology 19, no. 14 (2009): R567-R574.

Timmins GS, Jackson SK, Swartz HM. The evolution of bioluminescent oxygen consumption as an ancient oxygen detoxification mechanism. J Mol Evol. 2001;52(4):321-332. doi:10.1007/s002390010162

W. Hodgskiss, M. S., Crockford, P. W., Peng, Y., Wing, B. A., & Horner, T. J. (2019). A productivity collapse to end Earth’s Great Oxidation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(35), 17207-17212. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900325116

Ward, L. M., & Shih, P. M. (2021). Granick revisited: Synthesizing evolutionary and ecological evidence for the late origin of bacteriochlorophyll via ghost lineages and horizontal gene transfer. PLoS ONE, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239248

West, J. B. (2022). The strange history of atmospheric oxygen. Physiological Reports, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.15214

SYMBIOSIS

Azuma, Y., Tsuru, S., Habuchi, M. et al. Synthetic symbiosis between a cyanobacterium and a ciliate toward novel chloroplast-like endosymbiosis. Sci Rep 13, 6104 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33321-w

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2024, June 12). Paramecium. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/Paramecium

Brunk, C. F., & Marshall, C. R. (2024). Opinion: The Key Steps in the Origin of Life to the Formation of the Eukaryotic Cell. Life, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/life14020226

Cooper GM. The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2000. The Origin and Evolution of Cells. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9841/

Craig, J. M., Kumar, S., & Hedges, S. B. (2023). The origin of eukaryotes and rise in complexity were synchronous with the rise in oxygen. Frontiers in Bioinformatics, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbinf.2023.1233281

Gabaldón, T. (2021, October 8). Origin and Early Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell. Annual Review of Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062213

Kelly RM, Adams MW. Metabolism in hyperthermophilic microorganisms. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1994;66(1-3):247-270. doi:10.1007/BF00871643

Martin, W. F., Garg, S., & Zimorski, V. (2015). Endosymbiotic theories for eukaryote origin. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370(1678). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0330

Martin W, Müller M. The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote. Nature. 1998;392(6671):37-41. doi:10.1038/32096

Mitchell, D. R. (2016). Evolution of Cilia. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a028290

Sephus, C. D., Fer, E., Garcia, A. K., Adam, Z. R., Schwieterman, E. W., & Kacar, B. (2022). Earliest Photic Zone Niches Probed by Ancestral Microbial Rhodopsins. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 39(5). https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msac100

Zita Carvalho-Santos, Juliette Azimzadeh, José. B. Pereira-Leal, Mónica Bettencourt-Dias; Tracing the origins of centrioles, cilia, and flagella. J Cell Biol 25 July 2011; 194 (2): 165–175. doi: https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201011152

ORIGIN OF MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. An Overview of Gene Control. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26885/

Cooper, G. M. (2000). The Origin and Evolution of Cells. The Cell - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9841/#A97

Droser, M. L., & Gehling, J. G. (2015). The advent of animals: The view from the Ediacaran. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(16), 4865-4870. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1403669112

Droser, M. L., & Gehling, J. G. (2015). The advent of animals: The view from the Ediacaran. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(16), 4865-4870. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1403669112

Evidence of the world’s oldest meal may have been discovered. (2022, November 24). Natural History Museum. https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2022/november/evidence-worlds-oldest-meal-may-have-been-discovered.html#:~:text=Professor%20Jochen%20Brocks%2C%20a%20co,so%20large%2C’%20Jochen%20says.

First Animals. (n.d.). Oxford University Museum of Natural History. https://www.oumnh.ox.ac.uk/learn-first-animals#:~:text=The%20first%20animals%20%E2%80%93%20including%20the,of%20what%20they%20were%20like.

Grüber, G., Manimekalai, M. S. S., Mayer, F., & Müller, V. (2014). ATP synthases from archaea: The beauty of a molecular motor. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, 1837(6), 940-952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.03.004

Gumsley, A., Manby, G., Domańska-Siuda, J., Nejbert, K., & Michalski, K. (2020). Caught between two continents: First identification of the Ediacaran Central Iapetus Magmatic Province in Western Svalbard with palaeogeographic implications during final Rodinia breakup. Precambrian Research, 341, 105622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105622

Herron, M. D., Hackett, J. D., Aylward, F. O., & Michod, R. E. (2009). Triassic origin and early radiation of multicellular volvocine algae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(9), 3254-3258. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811205106

Ocean, S. (2023, May 11). Jellyfish and Comb Jellies. Smithsonian Ocean. https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/jellyfish-and-comb-jellies#:~:text=In%20comparison%20to%20the%20jellyfish,until%20they%20find%20other%20gametes.

Pehr, K., Love, G. D., Kuznetsov, A., Podkovyrov, V., Junium, C. K., Shumlyanskyy, L., Sokur, T., & Bekker, A. (2018). Ediacara biota flourished in oligotrophic and bacterially dominated marine environments across Baltica. Nature Communications, 9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04195-8

Reynolds, A. (2008). Ernst Haeckel and the Theory of the Cell State: Remarks on the History of a Bio-Political Metaphor. History of Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/007327530804600201

Ros-Rocher, N., Pérez-Posada, A., Leger, M. M., & Ruiz-Trillo, I. (2021). The origin of animals: An ancestral reconstruction of the unicellular-to-multicellular transition. Open Biology, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.200359

Schirrmeister, B. E., Antonelli, A., & Bagheri, H. C. (2011). The origin of multicellularity in cyanobacteria. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11, 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-45

Schultz, D. T., Haddock, S. H., Bredeson, J. V., Green, R. E., Simakov, O., & Rokhsar, D. S. (2023). Ancient gene linkages support ctenophores as sister to other animals. Nature, 618(7963), 110-117. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05936-6

Sender, R., Fuchs, S., & Milo, R. (2016). Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body. PLoS Biology, 14(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533

The momentous transition to multicellular life may not have been so hard after all. (2024, March 22). Science | AAAS. https://www.science.org/content/article/momentous-transition-multicellular-life-may-not-have-been-so-hard-after-all

V. (n.d.). Chapter 2 – The Breath of Life in Insects and Humans. Pressbooks. https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/ent2101/chapter/chapter2/

Williams, J.J., Mills, B.J.W. & Lenton, T.M. A tectonically driven Ediacaran oxygenation event. Nat Commun 10, 2690 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10286-x

www.Ediacaran.org. (n.d.). www.Ediacaran.org. http://www.ediacaran.org/

AQUATIC BREATHING

Bakshani, C. R., L, A., Althaus, M., Wilcox, M. D., Pearson, J. P., Bythell, J. C., & Burgess, J. G. (2018). Evolutionary conservation of the antimicrobial function of mucus: A first defence against infection. Npj Biofilms and Microbiomes, 4(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-018-0057-2

Frisdal, A., & Trainor, P. A. (2014). Development and Evolution of the Pharyngeal Apparatus. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Developmental Biology, 3(6), 403. https://doi.org/10.1002/wdev.147

Ghiselin, M. T. (2024, February 9). cephalochordate. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/animal/cephalochordate

Gillis, J. A., Fritzenwanker, J. H., & Lowe, C. J. (2011). A stem-deuterostome origin of the vertebrate pharyngeal transcriptional network. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279(1727), 237-246. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0599

GONZALEZ, P., & CAMERON, C. B. (2009). The gill slits and pre-oral ciliary organ of Protoglossus (Hemichordata: Enteropneusta) are filter-feeding structures. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 98(4), 898-906. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01332.x

Graham, A., & Richardson, J. (2012). Developmental and evolutionary origins of the pharyngeal apparatus. EvoDevo, 3, 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/2041-9139-3-24

He, T., Zhu, M., Mills, J. W., Wynn, P. M., Zhuravlev, A. Y., Tostevin, R., Yang, A., Poulton, S. W., & Shields, G. A. (2019). Possible links between extreme oxygen perturbations and the Cambrian radiation of animals. Nature Geoscience, 12(6), 468. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0357-z

Hubot, N., Giering, S. L., & Lucas, C. H. (2022). Similarities between the biochemical composition of jellyfish body and mucus. Journal of Plankton Research, 44(2), 337-344. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbab091

Huizen, J. (2023, December 20). Mucus: Where does it come from and how is it formed? https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/where-does-mucus-come-from#what-it-is

L. (2021, February 28). 22.3: Different Types of Respiratory Systems. Biology LibreTexts. https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Biology_for_Majors_II_(Lumen)/22%3A_Module_19-_The_Respiratory_System/22.03%3A_Different_Types_of_Respiratory_Systems

Releasing our inner jellyfish. (2018, August 16). Press Office. https://www.ncl.ac.uk/press/articles/archive/2018/08/jellyfish/

Saltzman, M. R., Young, S. A., Kump, L. R., Gill, B. C., Lyons, T. W., & Runnegar, B. (2011). Pulse of atmospheric oxygen during the late Cambrian. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(10), 3876-3881. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011836108

MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF GAS EXCHANGERS

Maina, J. (2002). Structure, function and evolution of the gas exchangers: Comparative perspectives. Journal of Anatomy, 201(4), 281-304. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00099.x

FISH

Acid-Base Balance | Anatomy and Physiology II. (n.d.). https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap2/chapter/acid-base-balance-no-content/#:~:text=When%20the%20CO2%20level,to%20exhale%20more%20CO2.

At Home in the Water, “Condemned” to Life on Land. (2021, October 13). Water Blogged. https://blog.limnology.wisc.edu/2016/09/14/at-home-in-the-water-condemned-to-life-on-land/

Bainton CR, Kirkwood PA, Sears TA. On the transmission of the stimulating effects of carbon dioxide to the muscles of respiration. J Physiol. 1978;280:249-272.

Baker, D. W., Sardella, B., Rummer, J. L., Sackville, M., & Brauner, C. J. (2015). Hagfish: Champions of CO2 tolerance question the origins of vertebrate gill function. Scientific Reports, 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11182

Colin M Cleary, Thiago S Moreira, Ana C Takakura, Mark T Nelson, Thomas A Longden, Daniel K Mulkey (2020) Vascular control of the CO2/H+-dependent drive to breathe eLife 9:e59499

Deeper origin of gill evolution suggests “active lifestyle” link in. (2017, February 9). University of Cambridge. https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/deeper-origin-of-gill-evolution-suggests-active-lifestyle-link-in-early-vertebrates

Gillis JA, Tidswell OR. The Origin of Vertebrate Gills. Curr Biol. 2017;27(5):729-732. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.022

Graham, A., Richardson, J. Developmental and evolutionary origins of the pharyngeal apparatus. EvoDevo 3, 24 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/2041-9139-3-24

Hou J-B, Hughes NC, Hopkins MJ, Shu D. 2023 Gill function in an early arthropod and the widespread adoption of the countercurrent exchange mechanism. R. Soc.Open Sci. 10: 230341. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.230341

Junho Eom, Henrik Lauridsen, Chris M. Wood; Breathing versus feeding in the Pacific hagfish. J Exp Biol 15 March 2022; 225 (6): jeb243989. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.243989

Pelster, B., & Bagatto, B. (2009). Respiration. Fish Physiology, 29, 289-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1546-5098(10)02907-9

Sean T. Brennan, Tim K. Lowenstein, Juske Horita; Seawater chemistry and the advent of biocalcification. Geology 2004;; 32 (6): 473–476. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/G20251.1

SMITH, G. E. (1930). Studies on the Structure and Development of Vertebrates. Nature, 126(3175), 341-343. https://doi.org/10.1038/126341a0

TERRESTRIAL BREATHING

A., M., Hsieh, S. T., Gibb, A. C., & Blob, R. W. (2013). Vertebrate Land Invasions–Past, Present, and Future: An Introduction to the Symposium. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 53(2), 192-196. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/ict048

Boodman, E. (2023, July 31). How an inconspicuous slaughterhouse keeps the world’s premature babies alive. STAT. https://www.statnews.com/2018/03/12/cow-surfactant-premature-babies/

Cupello, C., Hirasawa, T., Tatsumi, N., Yabumoto, Y., Gueriau, P., Isogai, S., Matsumoto, R., Saruwatari, T., King, A., Hoshino, M., Uesugi, K., Okabe, M., & Brito, P. M. (2022). Lung evolution in vertebrates and the water-to-land transition. ELife, 11. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.77156

Daniels, C. B., & Orgeig, S. (2003). Pulmonary Surfactant: The Key to the Evolution of Air Breathing. Physiology. https://doi.org/0180151

Daniels, C. B., Orgeig, S., Sullivan, L. C., Ling, N., Bennett, M. B., Schürch, S., Val, A. L., & Brauner, C. J. (2004). The Origin and Evolution of the Surfactant System in Fish: Insights into the Evolution of Lungs and Swim Bladders on JSTOR. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology: Ecological and Evolutionary Approaches, 732. https://doi.org/10.1086/422058

Daniels, C. B., Wood, P. G., Lopatko, O. V., Codd, J. R., Johnston, S. D., & Orgeig, S. (1999). Surfactant in the Gas Mantle of the Snail Helix aspersa. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology: Ecological and Evolutionary Approaches, 72(6), 691–698. https://doi.org/10.1086/316712

Das B. K. and MacBride Ernest William 1934The habits and structure of pseudapocryptes lanceolatus, a fish in the first stages of structural adaptation to aerial respirationProc. R. Soc. Lond. B.115422–430 http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1934.0050

Evolution of tetrapods. (2024, February 28). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_tetrapods\

Jew, C. J., Wegner, N. C., Yanagitsuru, Y., Tresguerres, M., & Graham, J. B. (2013). Atmospheric Oxygen Levels Affect Mudskipper Terrestrial Performance: Implications for Early Tetrapods. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 53(2), 248-257. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/ict034

Orgeig, S., Morrison, J. L., & Daniels, C. B. (2011). Prenatal development of the pulmonary surfactant system and the influence of hypoxia. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 178(1), 129-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2011.05.015

University of Alaska Fairbanks. (2012, October 16). Scientists identify likely origins of vertebrate air breathing. ScienceDaily. Retrieved April 10, 2024 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121016141701.htm

We’re more like primitive fishes than once believed. (2021, February 4). https://news.ku.dk/all_news/2021/02/were-more-like-primitive-fishes-than-once-believed/

AMPHIBIANS

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REPTILES

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BIRDS

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MAMMALS

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Cabreira, S. F., Schultz, C. L., Puricelli Lora, L. H., Pakulski, C., Soares, M. B., Smith, M. M., & Richter, M. (2022). Diphyodont tooth replacement of Brasilodon—A Late Triassic eucynodont that challenges the time of origin of mammals. Journal of Anatomy, 241(6), 1424-1440. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13756

Chiarenza, A. A., Farnsworth, A., Mannion, P. D., Lunt, D. J., Valdes, P. J., Morgan, J. V., & Allison, P. A. (2020). Asteroid impact, not volcanism, caused the end-Cretaceous dinosaur extinction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(29), 17084-17093. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006087117

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FUTURE

Burger, B. J., Vargas Estrada, M., & Gustin, M. S. (2019). What caused Earth's largest mass extinction event? New evidence from the Permian-Triassic boundary in northeastern Utah. Global and Planetary Change, 177, 81-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.03.013

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Gold, D. A., & Vermeij, G. J. (2023). Deep resilience: An evolutionary perspective on calcification in an age of ocean acidification. Frontiers in Physiology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1092321

Hoffman, H. J. (n.d.). The Permian extinction—when life nearly came to an end. Science. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/permian-extinction?loggedin=true&rnd=1724209713900

Larcombe, A. N., Papini, M. G., Chivers, E. K., Berry, L. J., Lucas, R. M., & Wyrwoll, C. S. (2021). Mouse Lung Structure and Function after Long-Term Exposure to an Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Level Predicted by Climate Change Modeling. Environmental Health Perspectives, 129(1). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp7305

Longrich, N. R. (2022, March 18). Future evolution: from looks to brains and personality, how will humans change in the next 10,000 years? Big Think. https://bigthink.com/the-future/how-will-humans-change-next-10000-years/

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